By Menzies, Bruce Keith; Ng, C. W. W.; Simons, N. E
CD comprises pupil variants of the OASYS software program programs 'FREW' and 'Safe'.
summary:
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A short course in soil-structure engineering of deep foundations, excavations and tunnels
CD contains pupil versions of the OASYS software program programs 'FREW' and 'Safe'. summary: makes a speciality of the 3 significant geotechnical demanding situations of static soil-structure interplay difficulties: Deep foundations - piles, barrettes, Multi-propped deep excavations, and Bored and open face tunnels underneath towns.
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Extra info for A short course in soil-structure engineering of deep foundations, excavations and tunnels
Example text
On meeting the surface, volcanoes form. As shown in Fig. 2, there are sheet-like masses of igneous rock that are following the bedding form sills. These are distinct from the sheet-like intrusions which cut across the sedimentary bedding that form dykes. These intrusions are of an intermediate nature. They are not necessarily formed deep in the crust but are offshoots from a much larger mass of molten rock. By virtue of their size, they will cool more rapidly than the parent rock, so will have a finer-grained crystal structure than the batholith which will have the coarsest grains.
That sharp junction between the material that was there before the ash and the diffuse top layer can tell geologists which way up is ‘up’ because the diffuse boundary will always be at the top being the younger part of the relatively sharp boundary. Geological classifications of igneous rocks So far in this chapter, only a few names have been used for igneous rocks. In order to understand how to identify and name igneous rocks the civil engineer must first consider how geologists classify this family of rocks.
38 Copyright © ICE Publishing, all rights reserved. CHAPTER 2 NEW GROUND: IGNEOUS ROCKS . Pyroclastic [Greek pryo, ‘fire’; klastos, ‘broken’] When observed in hand specimen pyroclastic rocks may appear to be porphyritic with sand size or larger grains of quartz and/or feldspar embedded in a fine-grained matrix. When seen under the microscope it becomes clear that the larger grains are broken fragments and the rock is not really crystalline. The rock is made up from material ejected from a volcano.