By Richard Bardgett
For a lot of heritage, soil has performed an immense, and infrequently relevant, position within the lives of people. whole societies have risen, and collapsed, in the course of the administration or mismanagement of soil; farmers and gardeners around the world nurture their soil to supply their vegetation with water, meals, and defense from pests and illnesses; significant battles were aborted or stalled via the of soil; homicide trials have been Read more...
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Extra resources for Earth matters : how soil underlies civilization
Sample text
This can be very rapid, with big shifts in the growth and activity of soil organisms occurring over a matter of hours, or they can be steady changes that take many years, with soil communities taking different forms over timescales of tens to thousands of years. Some of the most spectacular changes in soil life occur over hours or days. The first rainfall after a long drought causes a 36 OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 12/11/2015, SPi SOIL AND BIODIVERSITY sudden boost in the growth and activity of bacteria and fungi, causing a flush of nutrient cycling and carbon dioxide release from soil.
For example, protozoa, which are microscopic, single-celled organisms that live 26 OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 12/11/2015, SPi SOIL AND BIODIVERSITY in soil water, can reach remarkable densities of up to million within just a single gram of soil, with perhaps as many as species. Nematodes are also extremely abundant and diverse, with millions of individuals and hundreds of species typically being found in a single square-metre patch of healthy soil. And in the same patch of soil, there might be upwards of earthworms, the best-known subterranean animal of all, although the number of species present will be relatively low.
18 OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 11/11/2015, SPi SOIL AND THE DISTANT PAST Human impacts on soil can be surprisingly long-lasting. I touched on war above, which can leave an indelible mark on soil, but historical and even prehistoric land use can also leave its imprint on soil for centuries or even millennia. 13 And in England, medieval cultivation has left its legacy in the form of ridge and furrow, which gives pastures a corrugated, undulating appearance, with distinctive patterns of drainage that impact on the properties of soil.