By Kathryn Harrison
Govt law of poisonous elements in Canada and the U.S. is tested and in comparison. Paying specific awareness to how politicians and bureaucrats within the international locations care for the medical uncertainty that pervades environmental decision-making, the authors use case reports of 7 debatable components suspected of inflicting melanoma in people: the insecticides alar and alachlor, urea-formaldehyde foam insulation, radon fuel, dioxin, saccharin and asbestos. They weigh the strengths and weaknesses of every country's technique based on 5 standards: stringency and timeliness of the regulatory choice, balancing of hazards and merits by way of decision-makers, oportunities for public participation, and the translation of technology in regulatory decision-making. The Canadian technique is exemplified by means of closed decision-making, case-by-case overview that is based seriously on professional judgement, and restricted public debate concerning the clinical foundation of regulatory judgements. by contrast, regulatory technological know-how within the usa is characterised via e-book of long rationales for regulatory judgements, reliance on standardized approaches for chance overview, and controversy surrounding the translation of clinical facts.
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Additional info for Risk, Science, and Politics: Regulating Toxic Substances in Canada and the United States
Sample text
Representatives of different interests or institutions offer widely divergent advice. Yet the costs of choosing the wrong advice can be high. If a linear model is used to evaluate a substance that in reality has a threshold, the resulting estimate of the acceptable level of contamination could be thousands of times more stringent than necessary - at tremendous cost. On the other hand if the safety factor approach is used to evaluate a substance that actually has a linear dose-response function, the level of risk could be substantially underestimated - at a cost of human lives.
Many short-term tests are designed to indicate mutagenicity, an essential step in the process of carcinogenesis. For instance the most common of these, the Ames test, measures a substance's ability to cause mutations in a certain type of bacteria. While these tests are attractive because they are faster and less expensive than whole animal experiments, the results are even further removed from human biology and experience than those from animal bioassays. Conclusions concerning the carcinogenicity of a particular substance thus may be based on various kinds of direct and indirect evidence.
As yet there are no u. s. air or water pollution control regulations for sources of dioxins. However, EPA'S assessment of the cancer risks posed by TCDD has greatly influenced numerous agency decisions and programs, most notably cleanup of abandoned hazardous waste disposal sites. In 1984 EPA issued a water quality criteria document for TCDD. SO The agency was required to do so by the Clean Water Act amendments of 1977, which specified that EPA publish criteria documents for TCDD and 64 other pollutants.