By Robert Dautray, Jacques-Louis Lions, A. Craig, M. Artola, M. Cessenat, H. Lanchon
299 G(t), and to procure the corresponding houses of its Laplace remodel (called the resolvent of - A) R(p) = (A + pl)-l , whose lifestyles is associated with the spectrum of A. The useful area framework used may be, for simplicity, a Banach space(3). To summarise, we want to expand definition (2) for bounded operators A, i.e. G(t) = exp( - tA) , to unbounded operators A over X, the place X is now a Banach house. Plan of the bankruptcy we will see during this bankruptcy that this company is feasible, that it supplies us as well as what's demanded above, a few supplementary details in a few components: - a brand new 'explicit' expression of the answer; - the regularity of the answer taking into consideration a few stipulations at the given facts (u , u1,f and so forth ... ) with the thought of a robust resolution; o - asymptotic homes of the options. in an effort to deal with those difficulties we wade through the next levels: in § 1, we will examine the relevant homes of operators of semigroups {G(t)} appearing within the area X, rather the lifestyles of an higher exponential sure (in t) of the norm of G(t). In §2, we will examine the services u E X for which t --+ G(t)u is differentiable.
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Extra resources for Mathematical Analysis and Numerical Methods for Science and Technology: Volume 5 Evolution Problems I
Sample text
V, 33, Prop 2. We thus recover the result given in Chap. V, §3. 28 Chapter XIV. Cauchy Problems in [R" We denote by the singular support of a function u(x, t) the smallest closed set outside of which u is of class ff,} 00. Here the singular support of El (x, t) is the set of the two 'rays': { + t = 0, x-t=O, X t;;:;, 0 . Note that this coincides with the boundary of the support of E l ' Generally, the . '. a2 u 2 a2 u _ wave equatIOn IS. atz - c ax 2 - 0 where c is a (constant) speed. The 'surface' of the characteristic cone with apex 0 is then defined by: The forward light cone is then ct > 1 x I.
3) of § 1 which gave a solution to the finite dimensional Cauchy problem. 36) { From Remarks 2, G(t + s) = G(t) G(s) , G(O) = I . ; 0, G(t) operates continuously from L2(IW) --+ L2(~n) and more generally from We say that the family of operators {G(t)}t~O forms a semifor all Y'(~n) --+ Y'(~n); Ll(~n) --+ Ll(~n), Y"(~n) --+ Y"(~n). group in Y'(~n), Ll(~n), L2(~n), Y"(~n). Semigroups are defined and studied, in Banach spaces, (the case of L 1 (~n) or L2(~n)) in Chap. XVII. 1). It is important to note that G(t) does not operate continuously on these spaces for t < O.
V. §3. /I (X- 2 - -t) . /I' -2 2 = u 1 (X) . 10) u(x, t) = 21 [ UO(x + t) + UO(x - t) ] + 21 fX+I x-I u1(u)du . 10) is sometimes called 'D'Alembert's formula'(34). Remark 1. 3) has a unique solution of class CC 2 which moreover has the property of 'continuous dependence' on the data, that is to say that if uO, u 1 converge uniformly towards zero over all compact sets of IRx' then u -+ 0 uniformly over all compact sets of IRx x iR, +. 18) may be written This formula can be interpreted as the propagation of two 'waves' of speed 1, in the positive x direction and the negative x direction.