By Cisco Systems Inc., Cisco Networking Academy Program
Use this better half advisor as a transportable table connection with entry info for learn and assessment, and the convenient Networker's magazine to take important notes! This specific variation incorporates a loose replica of A Networker's magazine. Be the envy of all of your classmates or co-workers via wearing round this sturdy Cisco branded Networker's magazine to rfile your paintings, troubleshoot, configure routers and extra.
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Example text
Presentation layer (Layer 6)—This layer provides data representation and code formatting, along with the negotiation of data transfer syntax. It ensures that the data that arrives from the network can be used by the application, and it ensures that information sent by the application can be transmitted on the network. book Page 5 Tuesday, April 17, 2001 6:06 PM The Layered Network Model: The OSI Reference Model 5 ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ Session layer (Layer 5)—This layer establishes, maintains, and manages sessions between applications.
Book Page 30 Tuesday, April 17, 2001 6:06 PM Chapter 1 Review: The OSI Reference Model and Routing 30 Windowing is a method to control the amount of information transferred endto-end. Some protocols measure information in terms of the number of packets; TCP/IP measures information in terms of the number of bytes. 14 Windowing Window size, acknowledgment. Acknowledgment Techniques Reliable delivery guarantees that a stream of data sent from one machine will be delivered through a data link to another machine without duplication or data loss.
The basic solution is to have a recipient acknowledge the receipt of every data segment. If the sender has to wait for an acknowledgment after sending each segment, throughput is low. Because time is available after the sender finishes transmitting the data packet and before the sender finishes processing any received acknowledgment, the interval is used for transmitting more data. The number of data packets the sender is allowed to have outstanding without yet receiving an acknowledgment is known as the window.